Chapter 12 HomeostaSIS

Chapter 12 Homeostasis Notes

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Chapter 11 Excretion

Chapter 11 Excretion Notes

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Chapter 10 respiration ppt Notes

 Chapter 10 respiration notes :

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Chapter 10 Respiration Notes

1.  Why do living organisms respire?

•      Need __________ to move, excrete, grow, reproduce and maintain themselves.

•      Food contains ___________________ energy.

•      Respiration is the ____________________ of this energy when food (glucose) is broken down in living cell.

 

2.  Respiration is the _____________________ of food substances with the release of _______________________ in living cells.

 

3.  Define Aerobic respiration: The oxidation of food substances in the presence of ______________________with the release of a large amount of energy. ____________________________  and water are released as waste products.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.    What is the energy used for?

1. _______________ division and growth
2. Synthesis of _____________________, fats and vitamins
3. Transmission of nerve ________________________
4. Maintenance of a constant ______________________ temperature
5. _______________________ transport in the absorption of food substances by the small intestine
6. _____________________contractions e.g. heartbeat & respiratory movements.

 

5.    Anaerobic respiration:  It is the breakdown of glucose in the________________ of oxygen to release energy.

•      Can take place in yeast as well as the muscles

                                                                                        

 

Yeast	Muscles
•      Respires anaerobically when oxygen is absent. •      Little energy is released. •      Yeast cannot be very active under such situations. E.g.     Alcoholic fermentation Equation:	•      Muscle cells normally respire aerobically. •      Carry out anaerobic respiration when there is a shortage of oxygen.     Equation in words:     C6H12O6 ---- 2CH3CH(OH)COOH + 150 kJ

 

6.  Differences:

Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
•      Uses ____________________ •      No alcohol or __________ acid made •      _________amount of energy released •      ________________always released	•      Do not use oxygen •      Alcohol or lactic acid made •      Small amount of energy released •       CO2 sometimes released

 

7.  What happens during vigorous exercise?

·         During vigorous muscular contraction , muscles first use ___________________ to respire. (aerobic)

·          __________________________ occurs to remove carbon dioxide and take in more oxygen.

•      Heart beats _____________so that more oxygen can be brought to the muscles.

•      There is a LIMIT to the rate of breathing and heartbeat. They CANNOT keep on increasing.

•      To continue vigorous exercise, more energy needs to be released.

•      Muscle cells carry out _________________________________ respiration.

•      __________________acid is produced.

•      Lactic acid slowly builds up in the __________________________.

•      Muscle has an “OXYGEN _______________________”.

•      Lactic acid cause ____________________________

•      Body needs to rest & recover

•      Muscular pain is due to the lactic acid.

•      Lactic acid slowly builds up in the muscles.

•      Muscle has an “OXYGEN DEBT”.

What happens during RESTING?

•      Lactic acid is removed from the muscles and transported to the liver.

•      Some of the lactic acid is oxidized to ___________________________.

•      Converts remaining lactic acid into glucose

 .   How do we know organisms respire?

1. To find out whether carbon dioxide is given off during respiration
2. To find out if carbon dioxide is given off during fermentation
3. To find out if heat is released during respiration

 

9.   Gaseous exchange

•      Process of the transfer of oxygen from the air to the cells and the transfer of carbon dioxide and water from the cells back to the surroundings.

 The Nose

•      Air enters through two external nostrils (nares)

•      Nasal passages lined with ______________and moist mucous membrane

•      Trap dust & foreign particles, including _________________________.

•      Air is warmed and moistened;

•      Detect harmful chemicals (by sensory cells).

 The Trachea

•      lies in front of esophagus

•      supported by C-shaped rings of _______________________(which ensure it is always kept opened)

•      Epithelium has gland cells to secrete mucus which traps dust particles

•      bears ________________to sweep dust particles upwards into pharynx

The Lungs

•      Each lung lies in the pleural cavity.

•      The pleural cavity is lined by 2 transparent pleural ______________________

•      Inner pleuron covers the lungs

•      Outer pleuron in contact with thoracic wall and diaphragm

•      The pleural fluid helps to reduce friction on the lungs when they rub against the rib cage during inspiration.

•      The lower end of the trachea divides into 2 bronchi (singular: bronchus), one to each lung.

•      Within the lungs, the bronchial tubes divide into smaller tubes – the bronchioles (*NO cartilage).

•      Each bronchiole ends with many air sacs called _______________________

•       lower end of the trachea divides into 2 bronchi (singular: bronchus), one to each lung.

•      Within the lungs, the bronchial tubes divide into smaller tubes – the bronchioles (*NO cartilage).

•      Each bronchiole ends with many air sacs called alveoli.

 Adaptations of lungs for efficient gaseous exchange

•      Alveoli provide a  large ________________________area

•      The wall of alveolus is very thin. Only_____________ cell thick. Allows easy diffusion of O₂ & CO_2.

•      A thin film of moisture covers the surface of the alveolus. O₂ dissolves in this liquid before diffusing across the wall of the alveolus.

•      The walls of the alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries. The flow of blood maintains the concentration gradient of gases

•       

12.  The Chest cavity

•      Chest wall is supported by ribs

•      Two sets of intercostal muscles (internal and external) control the movement of the ribs

•      The diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen

•      The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract and relax,  causing the volume of thoracic cavity to change

 

13.  Mechanism of Breathing

Inhalation	Exhalation
Your diaphragm ______________ and flattens	Your diaphragm________________ and arches upwards.
Your external intercostal muscles _______________while your internal intercostal muscles relax.	Your internal intercostal muscles contract while your external intercostal muscles _____________________.
Your ribs move ________________and outwards. Your sternum also moves up and forward.	Your ribs move________________ and inwards. Your sternum also moves down to its original position.
The volume of your thoracic cavity ___________________	The volume of your thoracic cavity _______________________.
Air pressure in your lungs causes them to. expand to fill up the enlarged space in your thorax. Expansion of your lungs causes the air pressure inside them to_____________________.	Your lungs are compressed and air pressure inside them __________________as the volume decreases.
Atmospheric pressure is now ____________________than the pressure within your lungs. This causes air to rush into your lungs.	Air pressure within the lungs is now higher than atmospheric pressure. The air is _____________________out of your lungs to the exterior.

 

                    RICE                    ERIC

 

 

 

 

 •      Alveolar air contains _________________________ concentration of oxygen than the blood.

•      Oxygen dissolves in the moisture lining and ____________________into the blood capillaries.

•      Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form _______________________________.

•      Tissue cells produce carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration.

•      Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood and enters red blood cells.

•      Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid catalysed by carbonic_________________________.

•      Carbonic acid converted into ________________________ions which diffuse out of the red blood cells into the plasma.

 

•      Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse back into the red blood cells

•      Converted into carbonic acid and then into water and carbon dioxide

 

•      Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood capillaries into the alveoli and out of the lungs

15. Effects of Tobacco Smoke on Human Health

 

Chemicals in tobacco smoke	Effects on the body
Nicotine	Addictive drug Heart disease •      Nicotine stimulates release of _________________ •      Increases blood pressure and heart rate •      Increases chance of blood____________ and plaque deposit on the walls of coronary arteries •      Heart attacks and death
	•     Reduces the efficiency of oxygen transport in red blood cells •     Increases rate of deposition of fatty substances in arteries and damages the lining of blood vessels
Tar	Lung cancer •      Carcinogenic compound, benzopyrene causes cancer cells to be produced •      Blockage of air sacs and reduction in gas exchange  efficiency •      Shortness of breath •      Coughing up of mucus and blood Paralyses cilia lining the air passages
Irritants	Bronchitis •      Paralyses cilia lining of  air passages •      Dust and harmful chemicals are able to move past the bronchi and invade the alveoli •      Air passages become irritated and clogged with mucus and dust •      Lots of phlegm and coughing Emphysema •      Violent coughing breaks partition walls between air sacs •      Alveolar sacs may become less elastic •      ________________surface area for gaseous exchange •       Lungs become inflated with air •      Difficulty in breathing, wheezing

 

Smoking during Pregnancy

•      Mother’s blood contains carbon monoxide and ____________________

•      Restricts blood vessels reducing amount of nutrients and ___________to baby

•      ________________ birth weight of baby

•      Prone to illness

•      Increase potential for birth defects and abnormalities

•      Increased chances of a miscarriage

•      Increased chances of a premature birth

•      Has a greater risk of baby being born dead

Chapter 9 Transport in Plants

Chapter 9 Transport in plants notes

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Chapter 9, Transport in Plants

9.1 The Transport Structures of Flowering Plants

 

Transport / Vascular tissues in Plants: ___________________________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Xylem

Structure:

n   Consists of many xylem vessels that are long and hollow, stretching from

______________________________.

n   Made up of ________________.

n   The inner wall is strengthened by a hard substance called ___________ that is deposited on it.

 

Different patterns of lignification

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Functions of xylem

n   Conducts ______________________________ from the roots to the stems and leaves.

n   Provides _______________________________ for the plant.

 

Adaptations

n   A continuous lumen without any _________________________to prevent the flow of water and mineral salts.

n   Walls are lignified to prevent the _____________________________________.

Phloem

Structure:

n   Consists of _____________________________.

n   A sieve tube consists of columns of elongated, thin-walled living cells called the _____________________________.

n   Cross-walls separating the cells are perforated by minute pores like a sieve called ________________________.

n   Matured sieve tube cells do not have vacuole, organelles and nucleus, except a thin later of cytoplasm.

n   Substances are transported by __________________________________.

 

Companion cell

n   It accompanies each sieve tube cell.

n   It is a narrow, thin-walled cell with many ______________________________.

n   It ______________________________________________________________.

 

Functions of phloem

n   Transport _____________________________________________ from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

 

Adaptations

n   The sieve plates are perforated to enable food substances to pass through them to be transported to various parts of the plant.

n   Companion cells have many mitochondria to ____________________________

________________________________________________________________.

 

Differences

 

Xylem	Phloem

 

Organization of vascular tissues in stems

Vascular bundles in roots

Cross-section of a dicotyledonous root

 

 

Organization of vascular tissues in roots

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.2 Studying the Movement of Substances in Plants

 

Translocation in plants

n   Transport of _______________________________________________.

n   Occurs in the _____________.

	1.  Sugars formed in leaf cells are ___________________ by companion cells (loaded) into phloem.   2.  Bulk flow of water pushes sap to sinks.  Sink cells actively remove ________, and convert them to ________.  Water is recycled through xylem.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Using aphids in translocation studies

Aphids are insects which feed on plant juices. They penetrate phloem tissue with their ______________. Aphids are anaesthetized with __________________ while feeding. The body is cut off, leaving the proboscis in phloem.

 

Using isotopes in translocation studies

Providing a leaf with __________________________ .

Stem is cut off, and a section is exposed onto an X-ray photographic film.

Results: ______________________________________________________________.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.3 Entry of Water into a Plant

 

 

 

Entry of water through the roots

n   This takes place at the ____________________.

n   Root hair grows between the soil particles with close contact with water.

n   Mineral salts are dissolved in soil water.

n   Sap of root hair cells has a __________________________________________.

n   Since the surrounding soil particles have a high water potential, water from the soil ___________________________________.

 

 

 

Adaptations of the root hair cell to absorption

1. _____________________________________

n  Increases surface area to volume ratio;

n  Increases the ______________________ of water and mineral salts.

2.  _____________________________________

n  Water enters root hair cell by osmosis.

3. _____________________________________

n  Generates energy from cellular respiration;

n  ______________________ can take place.

 

9.4 Moving Water against Gravity

 

Entry of water up the stem by:

_________________________

n   By using active transport, ions in the living cells ________________________ in the root are pumped into the vessels.

n   Water potential in the xylem vessels is _______________.

n   Water passes from the living cells into the xylem vessels by osmosis and flows upwards.

 

_________________________

n   Water moves up inside fine capillary tube by ____________________.

n   Water molecules attract other water molecules by ________________________.

n   Water sticks to the upper inner surface of the xylem vessels by _____________.

n   The water moves up the plant into the leaves.

 

________________________

n   Transpiration is the ______________________________________________, especially through the stomata of the leaves.

n   The suction force caused by transpiration is called ______________________. It is the main factor that causes the movement of water up the xylem.

 

Importance of transpiration

n   Transpiration pull draws __________________________ from the roots to the stems and leaves.

n   Evaporation of water from the cells in the leaves removes _______________________________. This cools the plant, preventing it from being scorched by the hot sun.

n   Water transported to the leaves can be used in photosynthesis to _______________________________. Turgid cells keep the leaves spread out widely to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.

 

Potometer

n   Instrument that can be used to _______________________________.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Factors affecting the rate of transpiration

n   ______________________

A rise in the temperature of the surroundings increases the ___________________, thus increasing the rate of transpiration.

 

n   ______________________

Air inside leaf is saturated with water vapour

Increasing the humidity of the air will _____________________________________ between the leaf and the atmosphere, therefore decreasing the rate of transpiration. When the atmosphere’s humidity decreases, the rate of transpiration increases.

 

Adaptations of plants living in dry conditions

1.            __________________________ to reduce surface area exposed to evaporation

2.            __________________________

3.            Reduction in the number of ______________

4.            ______________________ to trap pockets of moist air around it.

 

n   _____________________

When light intensity is increases, stomata open, increasing the rate of transpiration. When light intensity is reduced, stomata close. An increase in light intensity ____________________________________.

 

n   _____________________

Blows water vapour away at the surface of leaves. Maintains _________________________________ between the leaf and the atmosphere. The stronger the wind, the faster the rate of transpiration. When the air is still, transpiration reduces or stops. Rapid transpiration occurs under __________________.

 

Wilting

n   The turgor pressure in the leaf mesophyll cells helps to ___________________ and __________________________ to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

n   In strong sunlight, when the __________________________ exceeds the rate of absorption of water by the roots, the cells lose their turgor, become flaccid and the plant wilts.

n   Wilting also occurs in the soft stems of certain plants in which the stem mesophyll cells lose water.

 

 

 

 

Advantages of Wilting

n   When the leaf folds up, the surface area that is exposed to sunlight is reduced, causing the ____________________________________.

n   ______________________ and the rate of transpiration is decreased.

 

Disadvantages of Wilting

n   The rate of photosynthesis is reduced because ___________________________.

n   As the stomata close, the amount of _____________________________ is also reduced. Carbon dioxide becomes a limiting factor, thereby decreasing the rate of photosynthesis.